ACRN High-Level Design Overview¶
ACRN is an open-source reference hypervisor (HV) that runs on top of Intel platforms for heterogeneous use cases such as Software-defined Cockpit (SDC), or In-vehicle Experience (IVE) for automotive, or human-machine interface (HMI) and real-time OS for industry. ACRN provides embedded hypervisor vendors with a reference I/O mediation solution with a permissive license and provides auto makers and industry users a reference software stack for corresponding use.
ACRN Use Cases¶
Software-Defined Cockpit¶
The SDC system consists of multiple systems: the instrument cluster (IC) system, the In-vehicle Infotainment (IVI) system, and one or more rear seat entertainment (RSE) systems. Each system runs as a VM for better isolation.
The Instrument Control (IC) system manages graphic displays of:
driving speed, engine RPM, temperature, fuel level, odometer, trip mile, etc.
alerts of low fuel or tire pressure
rear-view camera (RVC) and surround-camera view for driving assistance
In-Vehicle Infotainment¶
A typical In-vehicle Infotainment (IVI) system supports:
Navigation systems
Radios, audio and video playback
Mobile devices connection for calls, music, and applications via voice recognition and/or gesture Recognition / Touch
Rear-seat RSE services such as:
entertainment system
virtual office
connection to IVI front system and mobile devices (cloud connectivity)
ACRN supports guest OSes of Linux and Android. OEMs can use the ACRN hypervisor and the Linux or Android guest OS reference code to implement their own VMs for a customized IC/IVI/RSE.
Industry Usage¶
A typical industry usage includes one Windows HMI + one real-time VM (RTVM):
Windows HMI as a guest OS with display to provide human-machine interface
RTVM that runs a specific RTOS on it to handle real-time workloads such as PLC control
ACRN supports a Windows* Guest OS for such HMI capability. ACRN continues to add features to enhance its real-time performance to meet hard-RT key performance indicators for its RTVM:
Cache Allocation Technology (CAT)
Memory Bandwidth Allocation (MBA)
LAPIC passthrough
Polling mode driver
Always Running Timer (ART)
Intel Time Coordinated Computing (TCC) features, such as split lock detection and cache locking
Hardware Requirements¶
Mandatory IA CPU features:
Long mode
MTRR
TSC deadline timer
NX, SMAP, SMEP
Intel-VT including VMX, EPT, VT-d, APICv, VPID, INVEPT and INVVPID
Recommended Memory: 4GB, 8GB preferred.
ACRN Architecture¶
ACRN is a type 1 hypervisor that runs on top of bare metal. It supports certain Intel platforms and can be easily extended to support future platforms. ACRN implements a hybrid VMM architecture, using a privileged Service VM to manage I/O devices and provide I/O mediation. Multiple User VMs can be supported, running Ubuntu, Android, Windows, or an RTOS such as Zephyr.
ACRN 1.0¶
ACRN 1.0 is designed mainly for auto use cases such as SDC and IVI.
Instrument cluster applications are critical in the SDC use case, and may require functional safety certification in the future. Running the IC system in a separate VM can isolate it from other VMs and their applications, thereby reducing the attack surface and minimizing potential interference. However, running the IC system in a separate VM introduces additional latency for the IC applications. Some country regulations require an IVE system to show a rear-view camera (RVC) within 2 seconds, which is difficult to achieve if a separate instrument cluster VM is started after the User VM is booted.
Figure 74 shows the architecture of ACRN 1.0 together with the IC VM and Service VM. As shown, the Service VM owns most of the platform devices and provides I/O mediation to VMs. Some of the PCIe devices function as a passthrough mode to User VMs according to VM configuration. In addition, the Service VM could run the IC applications and HV helper applications such as the Device Model, VM manager, etc., where the VM manager is responsible for VM start/stop/pause, virtual CPU pause/resume, etc.
Figure 74 ACRN 1.0 Architecture¶
ACRN 2.0¶
ACRN 2.0 extended ACRN to support a pre-launched VM (mainly for safety VM) and real-time (RT) VM.
Figure 75 shows the architecture of ACRN 2.0; the main differences compared to ACRN 1.0 are that:
ACRN 2.0 supports a pre-launched VM, with isolated resources, including CPU, memory, and hardware devices.
ACRN 2.0 adds a few necessary device emulations in the hypervisor, such as vPCI and vUART, to avoid interference between different VMs.
ACRN 2.0 supports an RTVM as a post-launched User VM, with features such as LAPIC passthrough and PMD virtio driver.
Figure 75 ACRN 2.0 Architecture¶
Device Emulation¶
ACRN adopts various approaches for emulating devices for the User VM:
Emulated device: A virtual device using this approach is emulated in the Service VM by trapping accesses to the device in the User VM. Two sub-categories exist for emulated devices:
fully emulated, allowing native drivers to be used unmodified in the User VM, and
para-virtualized, requiring front-end drivers in the User VM to function.
Passthrough device: A device passed through to the User VM is fully accessible to the User VM without interception. However, interrupts are first handled by the hypervisor before being injected to the User VM.
Mediated passthrough device: A mediated passthrough device is a hybrid of the previous two approaches. Performance-critical resources (mostly data-plane related) are passed-through to the User VMs, and other resources (mostly control-plane related) are emulated.
I/O Emulation¶
The Device Model (DM) is a place for managing User VM devices: it allocates memory for the User VMs, configures and initializes the devices shared by the guest, loads the virtual BIOS and initializes the virtual CPU state, and invokes the hypervisor service to execute the guest instructions.
The following diagram illustrates the control flow of emulating a port I/O read from the User VM.
Figure 76 I/O (PIO/MMIO) Emulation Path¶
Figure 76 shows an example I/O emulation flow path.
When a guest executes an I/O instruction (port I/O or MMIO), a VM exit
happens. The HV takes control and executes the request based on the VM exit
reason VMX_EXIT_REASON_IO_INSTRUCTION for port I/O access, for
example. The HV fetches the additional guest instructions, if any,
and processes the port I/O instructions at a pre-configured port address
(in AL, 20h, for example). The HV places the decoded information, such as
the port I/O address, size of access, read/write, and target register,
into the I/O request in the I/O request buffer (shown in
Figure 76) and then notifies/interrupts the Service VM
to process.
The Hypervisor service module (HSM) in the Service VM intercepts HV interrupts, and accesses the I/O request buffer for the port I/O instructions. It then checks to see if any kernel device claims ownership of the I/O port. The owning device, if any, executes the requested APIs from a VM. Otherwise, the HSM leaves the I/O request in the request buffer and wakes up the DM thread for processing.
DM follows the same mechanism as HSM. The I/O processing thread of the DM queries the I/O request buffer to get the PIO instruction details and checks to see if any (guest) device emulation modules claim ownership of the I/O port. If yes, the owning module is invoked to execute requested APIs.
When the DM completes the emulation (port I/O 20h access in this example) of a device such as uDev1, uDev1 puts the result into the request buffer (register AL). The DM returns the control to the HV indicating completion of an I/O instruction emulation, typically through HSM/hypercall. The HV then stores the result to the guest register context, advances the guest IP to indicate the completion of instruction execution, and resumes the guest.
MMIO access path is similar except for a VM exit reason of EPT violation.
MMIO access is usually trapped through a VMX_EXIT_REASON_EPT_VIOLATION in
the hypervisor.
DMA Emulation¶
The only fully virtualized devices to the User VM are USB xHCI, UART, and Automotive I/O controller. None of these require emulating DMA transactions. ACRN does not support virtual DMA.
Hypervisor¶
ACRN takes advantage of Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel VT). The ACRN HV runs in Virtual Machine Extension (VMX) root operation, host mode, or VMM mode, while the Service VM and User VM guests run in VMX non-root operation, or guest mode. (We’ll use “root mode” and “non-root mode” for simplicity.)
The VMM mode has 4 rings. ACRN runs the HV in ring 0 privilege only, and leaves ring 1-3 unused. A guest running in non-root mode has its own full rings (ring 0 to 3). The guest kernel runs in ring 0 in guest mode, while the guest userland applications run in ring 3 of guest mode (ring 1 and 2 are usually not used by commercial OS).
Figure 77 Architecture of ACRN Hypervisor¶
Figure 77 shows an overview of the ACRN hypervisor architecture.
A platform initialization layer provides an entry point, checking hardware capabilities and initializing the processors, memory, and interrupts. Relocation of the hypervisor image and derivation of encryption seeds are also supported by this component.
A hardware management and utilities layer provides services for managing physical resources at runtime. Examples include handling physical interrupts and low power state changes.
A layer sitting on top of hardware management enables virtual CPUs (or vCPUs), leveraging Intel VT. A vCPU loop runs a vCPU in non-root mode and handles VM exit events triggered by the vCPU. This layer handles CPU and memory-related VM exits and provides a way to inject exceptions or interrupts to a vCPU.
On top of vCPUs are three components for device emulation: one for emulation inside the hypervisor, another for communicating with the Service VM for mediation, and the third for managing passthrough devices.
The highest layer is a VM management module providing VM lifecycle and power operations.
A library component provides basic utilities for the rest of the hypervisor, including encryption algorithms, mutual-exclusion primitives, etc.
There are three ways that the hypervisor interacts with the Service VM: the VM exits (including hypercalls), upcalls, and through the I/O request buffer. Interaction between the hypervisor and the User VM is more restricted, including only VM exits and hypercalls related to trusty.
Service VM¶
The Service VM is an important guest OS in the ACRN architecture. It runs in non-root mode, and contains many critical components, including the VM Manager, the Device Model (DM), ACRN services, kernel mediation, and virtio and hypercall modules (HSM). The DM manages the User VM and provides device emulation for it. The User VMS also provides services for system power lifecycle management through the ACRN service and VM manager, and services for system debugging through ACRN log/trace tools.
DM¶
DM (Device Model) is a user-level QEMU-like application in the Service VM responsible for creating the User VM and then performing devices emulation based on command line configurations.
Based on an HSM kernel module, DM interacts with VM Manager to create the User VM. It then emulates devices through full virtualization on the DM user level, or para-virtualized based on kernel mediator (such as virtio, GVT), or passthrough based on kernel HSM APIs.
Refer to Device Model High-Level Design for more details.
VM Manager¶
VM Manager is a user-level service in the Service VM handling User VM creation and VM state management, according to the application requirements or system power operations.
VM Manager creates the User VM based on DM application, and does User VM state management by interacting with lifecycle service in ACRN service.
Refer to VM Management for more details.
ACRN Service¶
ACRN service provides system lifecycle management based on IOC polling. It communicates with the VM Manager to handle the User VM state, such as S3 and power-off.
HSM¶
The HSM (Hypervisor service module) kernel module is the Service VM kernel driver supporting User VM management and device emulation. Device Model follows the standard Linux char device API (ioctl) to access HSM functionalities. HSM communicates with the ACRN hypervisor through hypercall or upcall interrupts.
Refer to HSM for more details.
Kernel Mediators¶
Kernel mediators are kernel modules providing a para-virtualization method for the User VMs, for example, an i915 GVT driver.
Log/Trace Tools¶
ACRN Log/Trace tools are user-level applications used to capture ACRN hypervisor log and trace data. The HSM kernel module provides a middle layer to support these tools.
Refer to Tracing and Logging High-Level Design for more details.
User VM¶
ACRN can boot Linux and Android guest OSes. For an Android guest OS, ACRN provides a VM environment with two worlds: normal world and trusty world. The Android OS runs in the normal world. The trusty OS and security sensitive applications run in the trusty world. The trusty world can see the memory of the normal world, but the normal world cannot see the trusty world.
Guest Physical Memory Layout - User VM E820¶
DM creates an E820 table for a User VM based on these simple rules:
If requested VM memory size < low memory limitation (2 GB, defined in DM), then low memory range = [0, requested VM memory size]
If requested VM memory size > low memory limitation, then low memory range = [0, 2G], and high memory range = [4G, 4G + requested VM memory size - 2G]
Figure 78 User VM Physical Memory Layout¶
User VM Memory Allocation¶
The DM does User VM memory allocation based on the hugetlb mechanism by default. The real memory mapping may be scattered in the Service VM physical memory space, as shown in Figure 79:
Figure 79 User VM Physical Memory Layout Based on Hugetlb¶
The User VM’s memory is allocated by the Service VM DM application; it may come from different huge pages in the Service VM as shown in Figure 79.
As the Service VM knows the size of these huge pages, GPAservice_vm and GPAuser_vm, it works with the hypervisor to complete the User VM’s host-to-guest mapping using this pseudo code:
for x in allocated huge pages do
x.hpa = gpa2hpa_for_service_vm(x.service_vm_gpa)
host2guest_map_for_user_vm(x.hpa, x.user_vm_gpa, x.size)
end
OVMF Bootloader¶
Open Virtual Machine Firmware (OVMF) is the virtual bootloader that supports the EFI boot of the User VM on the ACRN hypervisor platform.
The VM Manager in the Service VM copies OVMF to the User VM memory while creating the User VM virtual BSP. The Service VM passes the start of OVMF and related information to HV. HV sets the guest RIP of the User VM virtual BSP as the start of OVMF and related guest registers, and launches the User VM virtual BSP. The OVMF starts running in the virtual real mode within the User VM. Conceptually, OVMF is part of the User VM runtime.
Freedom From Interference¶
The hypervisor is critical for preventing inter-VM interference, using the following mechanisms:
Each physical CPU is dedicated to one vCPU.
CPU sharing is in the TODO list, but talking about inter-VM interference, sharing a physical CPU among multiple vCPUs gives rise to multiple sources of interference such as the vCPU of one VM flushing the L1 & L2 cache for another, or tremendous interrupts for one VM delaying the execution of another. It also requires vCPU scheduling in the hypervisor to consider more complexities such as scheduling latency and vCPU priority, exposing more opportunities for one VM to interfere with another.
To prevent such interference, ACRN hypervisor could adopt static core partitioning by dedicating each physical CPU to one vCPU. The physical CPU loops in idle when the vCPU is paused by I/O emulation. This makes the vCPU scheduling deterministic and physical resource sharing is minimized.
Hardware mechanisms including EPT, VT-d, SMAP and SMEP are leveraged to prevent unintended memory accesses.
Memory corruption can be a common failure mode. ACRN hypervisor properly sets up the memory-related hardware mechanisms to ensure that:
The Service VM cannot access the memory of the hypervisor, unless explicitly allowed.
The User VM cannot access the memory of the Service VM and the hypervisor.
The hypervisor does not unintendedly access the memory of the Service or User VM.
The destination of external interrupts is set to be the physical core where the VM that handles them is running.
External interrupts are always handled by the hypervisor in ACRN. Excessive interrupts to one VM (say VM A) could slow down another VM (VM B) if they are handled by the physical core running VM B instead of VM A. Two mechanisms are designed to mitigate such interference.
The destination of an external interrupt is set to the physical core that runs the vCPU where virtual interrupts will be injected.
The hypervisor maintains statistics on the total number of received interrupts to the Service VM via a hypercall, and has a delay mechanism to temporarily block certain virtual interrupts from being injected. This allows the Service VM to detect the occurrence of an interrupt storm and control the interrupt injection rate when necessary.
Boot Flow¶
Figure 80 ACRN Boot Flow¶
Power Management¶
CPU P-State & C-State¶
In ACRN, CPU P-state and C-state (Px/Cx) are controlled by the guest OS. The corresponding governors are managed in the Service VM or User VM for best power efficiency and simplicity.
Guests should be able to process the ACPI P-state and C-state requests from OSPM. The needed ACPI objects for P-state and C-state management should be ready in an ACPI table.
The hypervisor can restrict a guest’s P-state and C-state requests (per customer requirement). MSR accesses of P-state requests could be intercepted by the hypervisor and forwarded to the host directly if the requested P-state is valid. Guest MWAIT or port I/O accesses of C-state control could be passed through to host with no hypervisor interception to minimize performance impacts.
This diagram shows CPU P-state and C-state management blocks:
Figure 81 CPU P-State and C-State Management Block Diagram¶
System Power State¶
ACRN supports ACPI standard defined power states: S3 and S5 in system level. For each guest, ACRN assumes the guest implements OSPM and controls its own power state accordingly. ACRN doesn’t involve guest OSPM. Instead, it traps the power state transition request from the guest and emulates it.
Figure 82 ACRN Power Management Diagram Block¶
Figure 82 shows the basic diagram block for ACRN PM. The OSPM in each guest manages the guest power state transition. The Device Model running in the Service VM traps and emulates the power state transition of the User VM (Linux VM or Android VM in Figure 82). VM Manager knows all User VM power states and notifies the OSPM of the Service VM once the User VM is in the required power state.
Then the OSPM of the Service VM starts the power state transition of the Service VM trapped to “Sx Agency” in ACRN, and it starts the power state transition.
Some details about the ACPI table for the User VM and Service VM:
The ACPI table in the User VM is emulated by the Device Model. The Device Model knows which register the User VM writes to trigger power state transitions. The Device Model must register an I/O handler for it.
The ACPI table in the Service VM is passthrough. There is no ACPI parser in ACRN HV. The power management related ACPI table is generated offline and hard-coded in ACRN HV.