VBS-K Framework Virtualization Overhead Analysis

Introduction

The ACRN Hypervisor follows the Virtual I/O Device (virtio) specification to realize I/O virtualization for many performance-critical devices supported in the ACRN project. The hypervisor provides the virtio backend service (VBS) APIs, which make it very straightforward to implement a virtio device in the hypervisor. We can evaluate the virtio backend service in kernel-land (VBS-K) framework overhead through a test virtual device called virtio-echo. The total overhead of a frontend-backend application based on VBS-K consists of VBS-K framework overhead and application-specific overhead. The application-specific overhead depends on the specific frontend-backend design, from microseconds to seconds. In our hardware case, the overall VBS-K framework overhead is on the microsecond level, sufficient to meet the needs of most applications.

Architecture of VIRTIO-ECHO

virtio-echo is a virtual device based on virtio, and designed for testing ACRN virtio backend services in the kernel (VBS-K) framework. It includes a virtio-echo frontend driver, a virtio-echo driver in ACRN device model (DM) for initialization, and a virtio-echo driver based on VBS-K for data reception and transmission. For more virtualization background introduction, refer to:

virtio-echo is implemented as a virtio legacy device in the ACRN device model (DM), and is registered as a PCI virtio device to the guest OS (User VM). The virtio-echo software has three parts:

  • virtio-echo Frontend Driver: This driver runs in the User VM. It prepares the RXQ and notifies the backend for receiving incoming data when the User VM starts. Second, it copies the received data from the RXQ to TXQ and sends them to the backend. After receiving the message that the transmission is completed, it starts again another round of reception and transmission, and keeps running until a specified number of cycles is reached.

  • virtio-echo Driver in DM: This driver is used for initialization configuration. It simulates a virtual PCI device for the frontend driver use, and sets necessary information such as the device configuration and virtqueue information to the VBS-K. After initialization, all data exchange is taken over by the VBS-K vbs-echo driver.

  • vbs-echo Backend Driver: This driver sets all frontend RX buffers to be a specific value and sends the data to the frontend driver. After receiving the data in RXQ, the fronted driver copies the data to the TXQ, and then sends them back to the backend. The backend driver then notifies the frontend driver that the data in the TXQ has been successfully received. In virtio-echo, the backend driver doesn’t process or use the received data.

Figure 317 shows the whole architecture of virtio-echo.

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Figure 317 virtio-echo Architecture

Virtualization Overhead Analysis

Let’s analyze the overhead of the VBS-K framework. As we know, the VBS-K handles notifications in the Service VM kernel instead of in the Service VM user space DM. This can avoid overhead from switching between kernel space and user space. Virtqueues are allocated by User VM, and virtqueue information is configured to VBS-K backend by the virtio-echo driver in DM; thus virtqueues can be shared between User VM and Service VM. There is no copy overhead in this sense. The overhead of VBS-K framework mainly contains two parts: kick overhead and notify overhead.

  • Kick Overhead: The User VM gets trapped when it executes sensitive instructions that notify the hypervisor first. The notification is assembled into an IOREQ, saved in a shared IO page, and then forwarded to the VHM module by the hypervisor. The VHM notifies its client for this IOREQ, in this case, the client is the vbs-echo backend driver. Kick overhead is defined as the interval from the beginning of User VM trap to a specific VBS-K driver, e.g. when virtio-echo gets notified.

  • Notify Overhead: After the data in virtqueue being processed by the backend driver, vbs-echo calls the VHM module to inject an interrupt into the frontend. The VHM then uses the hypercall provided by the hypervisor, which causes a User VM VMEXIT. The hypervisor finally injects an interrupt into the vLAPIC of the User VM and resumes it. The User VM therefore receives the interrupt notification. Notify overhead is defined as the interval from the beginning of the interrupt injection to when the User VM starts interrupt processing.

The overhead of a specific application based on VBS-K includes two parts: VBS-K framework overhead and application-specific overhead.

  • VBS-K Framework Overhead: As defined above, VBS-K framework overhead refers to kick overhead and notify overhead.

  • Application-Specific Overhead: A specific virtual device has its own frontend driver and backend driver. The application-specific overhead depends on its own design.

Figure 318 shows the overhead of one end-to-end operation in virtio-echo. Overhead of steps marked as red are caused by the virtualization scheme based on VBS-K framework. Costs of one “kick” operation and one “notify” operation are both on a microsecond level. Overhead of steps marked as blue depend on specific frontend and backend virtual device drivers. For virtio-echo, the whole end-to-end process (from step1 to step 9) costs about four dozen microseconds. That’s because virtio-echo performs small operations in its frontend and backend driver that are just for testing, and there is very little process overhead.

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Figure 318 End to End Overhead of virtio-echo

Figure 319 details the path of kick and notify operation shown in Figure 318. The VBS-K framework overhead is caused by operations through these paths. As we can see, all these operations are processed in kernel mode, which avoids the extra overhead of passing IOREQ to userspace processing.

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Figure 319 Path of VBS-K Framework Overhead

Conclusion

Unlike VBS-U processing in user mode, VBS-K moves processing into the kernel mode and can be used to accelerate processing. A virtual device virtio-echo based on the VBS-K framework is used to evaluate the VBS-K framework overhead. In our test, the VBS-K framework overhead (one kick operation and one notify operation) is on the microsecond level, which can meet the needs of most applications.