ACRN Real-Time (RT) Performance Analysis

The document describes the methods to collect trace/data for ACRN Real-Time VM (RTVM) real-time performance analysis. Two parts are included:

• Method to trace vmexit occurrences for analysis.
• Method to collect Performance Monitoring Counters information for tuning based on Performance Monitoring Unit, or PMU.

vmexit analysis for ACRN RT performance

vmexit are triggered in response to certain instructions and events and are a key source of performance degradation in virtual machines. During the runtime of a hard RTVM of ACRN, the following impacts real-time deterministic latency:

• CPUID
• TSC_Adjust read/write
• TSC write
• APICID/LDR read
• ICR write

Generally, we don’t want to see any vmexit occur during the critical section of the RT task.

The methodology of vmexit analysis is very simple. First, we clearly identify the critical section of the RT task. The critical section is the duration of time where we do not want to see any vmexit occur. Different RT tasks use different critical sections. This document uses the cyclictest benchmark as an example of how to do vmexit analysis.

The critical sections

Here is example pseudocode of a cyclictest implementation.

while (!shutdown) {
      ...
      clock_nanosleep(&next)
      clock_gettime(&now)
      latency = calcdiff(now, next)
      ...
      next += interval
}

Time point now is the actual point at which the cyclictest app is woken up and scheduled. Time point next is the expected point at which we want the cyclictest to be awakened and scheduled. Here we can get the latency by now - next. We don’t want to see any vmexit in between next and now. So, we define the start point of the critical section as next and the end point as now.

Log and trace data collection

1. Add timestamps (in TSC) at next and now.
2. Capture the log with the above timestamps in the RTVM.
3. Capture the acrntrace log in the Service VM at the same time.

Offline analysis

1. Convert the raw trace data to human readable format.

2. Merge the logs in the RTVM and the ACRN hypervisor trace based on timestamps (in TSC).

3. Check to see if any vmexit occurred within the critical sections. The pattern is as follows:

   

Collecting Performance Monitoring Counters data

Enable Performance Monitoring Unit (PMU) support in VM

By default, the ACRN hypervisor doesn’t expose the PMU-related CPUID and MSRs to the guest VM. In order to use Performance Monitoring Counters (PMCs) in the guest VM, modify the ACRN hypervisor code in order to expose the capability to the RTVM.

Note that Precise Event Based Sampling (PEBS) is not yet enabled in the VM.

1. Expose the CPUID leaf 0xA as below:

   --- a/hypervisor/arch/x86/guest/vcpuid.c
   +++ b/hypervisor/arch/x86/guest/vcpuid.c
   @@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ int32_t set_vcpuid_entries(struct acrn_vm *vm)
   break;
   /* These features are disabled */
   /* PMU is not supported */
   - case 0x0aU:
   + //case 0x0aU:
   /* Intel RDT */
   case 0x0fU:
   case 0x10U:
   

2. Expose the PMU-related MSRs to the VM as below:

   --- a/hypervisor/arch/x86/guest/vmsr.c
   +++ b/hypervisor/arch/x86/guest/vmsr.c
   @@ -337,6 +337,41 @@ void init_msr_emulation(struct acrn_vcpu *vcpu)
   /* don't need to intercept rdmsr for these MSRs */
   enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_TIME_STAMP_COUNTER, INTERCEPT_WRITE);
   
   +
   + /* Passthru PMU related MSRs to guest */
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_FIXED_CTR_CTL, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PERF_GLOBAL_CTRL, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PERF_GLOBAL_STATUS, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PERF_GLOBAL_OVF_CTRL, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PERF_GLOBAL_STATUS_SET, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PERF_GLOBAL_INUSE, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   +
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_FIXED_CTR0, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_FIXED_CTR1, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_FIXED_CTR2, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   +
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PMC0, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PMC1, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PMC2, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PMC3, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PMC4, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PMC5, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PMC6, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PMC7, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   +
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_A_PMC0, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_A_PMC1, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_A_PMC2, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_A_PMC3, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_A_PMC4, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_A_PMC5, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_A_PMC6, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_A_PMC7, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PERFEVTSEL0, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PERFEVTSEL1, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PERFEVTSEL2, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   + enable_msr_interception(msr_bitmap, MSR_IA32_PERFEVTSEL3, INTERCEPT_DISABLE);
   +
   /* Setup MSR bitmap - Intel SDM Vol3 24.6.9 */
   value64 = hva2hpa(vcpu->arch.msr_bitmap);
   exec_vmwrite64(VMX_MSR_BITMAP_FULL, value64);
   

Perf/PMU tools in performance analysis

After exposing PMU-related CPUID/MSRs to the VM, performance analysis tools such as perf and pmu can be used inside the VM to locate the bottleneck of the application.

Perf is a profiler tool for Linux 2.6+ based systems that abstracts away CPU hardware differences in Linux performance measurements and presents a simple command line interface. Perf is based on the perf_events interface exported by recent versions of the Linux kernel.

PMU tools is a collection of tools for profile collection and performance analysis on Intel CPUs on top of Linux Perf. Refer to the following links for perf usage:

• https://perf.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page
• https://perf.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Tutorial

Refer to https://github.com/andikleen/pmu-tools for pmu usage.

Top-down Micro-Architecture Analysis Method (TMAM)

The Top-down Micro-Architecture Analysis Method (TMAM), based on Top-Down Characterization methodology, aims to provide an insight into whether you have made wise choices with your algorithms and data structures. See the Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Optimization Reference Manual, Appendix B.1 for more details on TMAM. Refer to this technical paper which adopts TMAM for systematic performance benchmarking and analysis of compute-native Network Function data planes that are executed on Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) servers using available open-source measurement tools.

Example: Using Perf to analyze TMAM level 1 on CPU core 1

perf stat --topdown -C 1 taskset -c 1 dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null count=10
10+0 records in
10+0 records out
5120 bytes (5.1 kB, 5.0 KiB) copied, 0.00336348 s, 1.5 MB/s

Performance counter stats for 'CPU(s) 1':

        retiring bad speculation frontend bound backend bound
S0-C1 1 10.6%               1.5%           3.9%         84.0%

0.006737123 seconds time elapsed